Engineering Conversion Standards

The unit conventions used in mechanical, civil and electrical engineering — and the conversions that trip teams up.

7 min read 4 sections Updated May 11, 2026
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Core engineering quantities

Reference factors
QuantitySIUS customaryFactor
Forcenewton (N)pound-force (lbf)1 lbf = 4.448 N
Pressure / stresspascal (Pa)psi1 psi = 6,895 Pa
TorqueN·mft·lb1 ft·lb = 1.356 N·m
Energyjoule (J)BTU1 BTU = 1,055 J
Powerwatt (W)horsepower (hp)1 hp = 745.7 W
Flowm³/sgpm (US)1 gpm = 6.31×10⁻⁵ m³/s

Drawing & spec conventions

  • Title block must list primary units (SI or US) and tolerance system
  • Bilingual drawings show metric primary with imperial in brackets, e.g. 50 (1.97")
  • Avoid units without prefixes for very large/small numbers — use kPa not Pa for line pressures

Why this matters: Mars Climate Orbiter

The thruster performance data tables were delivered in pound-force seconds while the navigation software expected newton-seconds — the spacecraft entered Mars' atmosphere at the wrong altitude and was destroyed.
NASA Mishap Investigation Board, 1999

Convert engineering units

PSI ↔ kPa

PSI (psi)

Kilopascal (kPa)

Unit1 psi equals
Pascal (Pa)6,894.76
Kilopascal (kPa)6.89476
Megapascal (MPa)0.00689476
Bar (bar)0.0689476
PSI (psi)1
Atmosphere (atm)0.068046
Torr (Torr)51.7151
mmHg (mmHg)51.7151

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